Nobel Prize winner Scientists:-

Year	Laureate		Country	Rationale
1901		Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen	Germany	"in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rayssubsequently named after him"
1902		Hendrik Lorentz	Netherlands	"in recognition of the extraordinary service they rendered by their researches into the influence of magnetismupon radiation phenomena"
		Pieter Zeeman	Netherlands
1903		Antoine Henri Becquerel	France	"for his discovery of spontaneous radioactivity"
		Pierre Curie	France	"for their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel"
		Maria Skłodowska-Curie	Poland  France
1904		Lord Rayleigh	United Kingdom	"for his investigations of the densities of the most important gases and for his discovery of argon in connection with these studies"
1905		Philipp Eduard Anton von Lenard	Austria-Hungary  Germany	"for his work on cathode rays"
1906		Joseph John Thomson	United Kingdom	"for his theoretical and experimental investigations on the conduction of electricity by gases"
1907		Albert Abraham Michelson	United States  Poland	"for his optical precision instruments and the spectroscopic and metrological investigations carried out with their aid"
1908		Gabriel Lippmann	France	"for his method of reproducing colours photographically based on the phenomenon of interference"
1909		Guglielmo Marconi	Italy	"for their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy"
		Karl Ferdinand Braun	Germany
1910		Johannes Diderik van der Waals	Netherlands	"for his work on the equation of state for gases and liquids"
1911		Wilhelm Wien	Germany	"for his discoveries regarding the laws governing the radiation of heat
1912		Nils Gustaf Dalén	Sweden	"for his invention of automatic valves designed to be used in combination with gas accumulators inlighthouses and buoys"
1913		Heike Kamerlingh-Onnes	Netherlands	"for his investigations on the properties of matter at low temperatures which led, inter alia, to the production of liquid helium"
1914		Max von Laue	Germany	"For his discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals",[20] an important step in the development of X-ray spectroscopy.
1915		William Henry Bragg	United Kingdom	"For their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays", an important step in the development of X-ray crystallography
		William Lawrence Bragg	Australia  United Kingdom
1916	Not awarded World War I
1917		Charles Glover Barkla	United Kingdom	"For his discovery of the characteristic Röntgen radiation of the elements",another important step in the development of X-ray spectroscopy
1918		Max Planck	Germany	"for the services he rendered to the advancement of physics by his discovery of energy quanta"
1919		Johannes Stark	Germany	"for his discovery of the Doppler effect in canal rays and the splitting of spectral lines in electric fields
1920		Charles Édouard Guillaume	Switzerland	"for the service he has rendered to precision measurements in physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel-steel alloys"
1921		Albert Einstein	Germany   Switzerland	"for his services to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect"
1922		Niels Bohr	Denmark	"for his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them
1923		Robert Andrews Millikan	United States	"for his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect"
1924		Manne Siegbahn	Sweden	"for his discoveries and research in the field of X-ray spectroscopy"
1925		James Franck	Germany	"for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom"
		Gustav Hertz	Germany
1926		Jean Baptiste Perrin	France	"for his work on the discontinuous structure of matter, and especially for his discovery of sedimentation equilibrium"
1927		Arthur Holly Compton	United States	"for his discovery of the effect named after him"
		Charles Thomson Rees Wilson	United Kingdom	"for his method of making the paths of electrically charged particles visible by condensation of vapour"
1928		Owen Willans Richardson	United Kingdom	"for his work on the thermionic phenomenon and especially for the discovery of the law named after him"
1929		Louis Victor Pierre Raymond, 7th Duc de Broglie	France	"for his discovery of the wave nature of electrons"
1930		Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman	India	"for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the effect named after him"
1931	Not awarded
1932		Werner Heisenberg	Germany	"for the creation of quantum mechanics, the application of which has, inter alia, led to the discovery of theallotropic forms of hydrogen"
1933		Erwin Schrödinger	Austria	"for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory"
		Paul Dirac	United Kingdom
1934	Not awarded
1935		James Chadwick	United Kingdom	"for the discovery of the neutron
1936		Victor Francis Hess	Austria	"for his discovery of cosmic radiation"
		Carl David Anderson	United States	"for his discovery of the positron"
1937		Clinton Joseph Davisson	United States	"for their experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals"
		George Paget Thomson	United Kingdom
1938		Enrico Fermi	Italy	"for his demonstrations of the existence of new radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation, and for his related discovery of nuclear reactions brought about by slow neutrons"
1939		Ernest Lawrence	United States	"for the invention and development of the cyclotron and for results obtained with it, especially with regard to artificial radioactive elements"
1940	Not awarded World War II
1941	Not awarded World War II
1942	Not awarded World War II
1943		Otto Stern	United States	"for his contribution to the development of the molecular ray method and his discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton''
1944		Isidor Isaac Rabi	United States  Poland	"for his resonance method for recording the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei"
1945		Wolfgang Pauli	Austria	"for the discovery of the Exclusion Principle, also called the Pauli principle"
1946		Percy Williams Bridgman	United States	"for the invention of an apparatus to produce extremely high pressures, and for the discoveries he made there within the field of high pressure physics"
1947		Edward Victor Appleton	United Kingdom	"for his investigations of the physics of the upper atmosphere especially for the discovery of the so-calledAppleton layer"
1948		Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett	United Kingdom	"for his development of the Wilson cloud chamber method, and his discoveries therewith in the fields ofnuclear physics and cosmic radiation"
1949		Hideki Yukawa	Japan	"for his prediction of the existence of mesons on the basis of theoretical work on nuclear forces"
1950		Cecil Frank Powell	United Kingdom	"for his development of the photographic method of studying nuclear processes and his discoveries regarding mesons made with this method"
1951		John Douglas Cockcroft	United Kingdom	"for their pioneer work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles"
		Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton	Ireland
1952		Felix Bloch	Switzerland  United States	"for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith"
		Edward Mills Purcell	United States
1953		Frits Zernike	Netherlands	"for his demonstration of the phase contrast method, especially for his invention of the phase contrast microscope"
1954		Max Born	West Germany	"for his fundamental research in quantum mechanics, especially for his statistical interpretation of thewavefunction"
		Walther Bothe	West Germany	"for the coincidence method and his discoveries made therewith"
1955		Willis Eugene Lamb	United States	"for his discoveries concerning the fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum"
		Polykarp Kusch	United States  Germany	"for his precision determination of the magnetic moment of the electron"
1956		John Bardeen	United States	"for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect'''
		Walter Houser Brattain	United States
		William Bradford Shockley	United States
1957		Tsung-Dao Lee	Republic of China  United States	"for their penetrating investigation of the so-called parity laws which has led to important discoveries regarding the elementary particles"
		Chen Ning Yang	Republic of China  United States
1958		Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov	Soviet Union	"for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect"
		Ilya Frank	Soviet Union
		Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm	Soviet Union
1959		Emilio Gino Segrè	Italy	"for their discovery of the antiproton"
		Owen Chamberlain	United States
1960		Donald Arthur Glaser	United States	"for the invention of the bubble chamber"[60]
1961		Robert Hofstadter	United States	"for his pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his thereby achieved discoveries concerning the structure of the nucleons"[61]
		Rudolf Ludwig Mössbauer	West Germany	"for his researches concerning the resonance absorption of gamma radiation and his discovery in this connection of the effect which bears his name"[61]
1962		Lev Davidovich Landau	Soviet Union	"for his pioneering theories for condensed matter, especially liquid helium"[62]
1963		Eugene Paul Wigner	Hungary  United States	"for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles"[63]
		Maria Goeppert-Mayer	United States	"for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure"[63]
		J. Hans D. Jensen	West Germany
1964		Nicolay Gennadiyevich Basov	Soviet Union	"for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators andamplifiers based on the maser–laser principle"[64]
		Alexander Prokhorov	Soviet Union
		Charles Hard Townes	United States
1965		Richard Phillips Feynman	United States	"for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics (QED), with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles"
		Julian Schwinger	United States
		Sin-Itiro Tomonaga	Japan
1966		Alfred Kastler	France	"for the discovery and development of optical methods for studying Hertzian resonances in atoms"
1967		Hans Albrecht Bethe	United States	"for his contributions to the theory of nuclear reactions, especially his discoveries concerning the energy production in stars"
1968		Luis Walter Alvarez	United States	"for his decisive contributions to elementary particle physics, in particular the discovery of a large number ofresonance states, made possible through his development of the technique of using hydrogen bubble chamber and data analysis"
1969		Murray Gell-Mann	United States	"for his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions"
1970		Hannes Olof Gösta Alfvén	Sweden	"for fundamental work and discoveries in magneto-hydrodynamics with fruitful applications in different parts ofplasma physics"
		Louis Néel	France	"for fundamental work and discoveries concerning antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism which have led to important applications in solid state physics"
1971		Dennis Gabor	Hungary  United Kingdom	"for his invention and development of the holographic method"
1972		John Bardeen	United States	"for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory"
		Leon Neil Cooper	United States
		John Robert Schrieffer	United States
1973		Leo Esaki	Japan	"for their experimental discoveries regarding tunneling phenomena in semiconductors and superconductors, respectively"
		Ivar Giaever	United States  Norway
		Brian David Josephson	United Kingdom	"for his theoretical predictions of the properties of a supercurrent through a tunnel barrier, in particular those phenomena which are generally known as the Josephson effect"
1974		Martin Ryle	United Kingdom	"for their pioneering research in radio astrophysics: Ryle for his observations and inventions, in particular of the aperture synthesis technique, and Hewish for his decisive role in the discovery of pulsars"
		Antony Hewish	United Kingdom
1975		Aage Bohr	Denmark	"for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection"
		Ben Roy Mottelson	Denmark
		Leo James Rainwater	United States
1976		Burton Richter	United States	"for their pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind"
		Samuel Chao Chung Ting	United States
1977		Philip Warren Anderson	United States	"for their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems"
		Nevill Francis Mott	United Kingdom
		John Hasbrouck Van Vleck	United States
1978		Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa	Soviet Union	"for his basic inventions and discoveries in the area of low-temperature physics"
		Arno Allan Penzias	United States	"for their discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation"
		Robert Woodrow Wilson	United States
1979		Sheldon Lee Glashow	United States	"for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current"
		Abdus Salam	Pakistan
		Steven Weinberg	United States
1980		James Watson Cronin	United States	"for the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons"
		Val Logsdon Fitch	United States
1981		Nicolaas Bloembergen	Netherlands  United States	"for their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy"
		Arthur Leonard Schawlow	United States
		Kai Manne Börje Siegbahn	Sweden	"for his contribution to the development of high-resolution electron spectroscopy"
1982		Kenneth G. Wilson	United States	"for his theory for critical phenomena in connection with phase transitions"
1983		Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar	India  United States	"for his theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance to the structure and evolution of the stars"
		William Alfred Fowler	United States	"for his theoretical and experimental studies of the nuclear reactions of importance in the formation of the chemical elements in the universe"
1984		Carlo Rubbia	Italy	"for their decisive contributions to the large project, which led to the discovery of the field particles W and Z, communicators of weak interaction"
		Simon van der Meer	Netherlands
1985		Klaus von Klitzing	West Germany	"for the discovery of the quantized Hall effect"
1986		Ernst Ruska	West Germany	"for his fundamental work in electron optics, and for the design of the first electron microscope.
		Gerd Binnig	West Germany	"for their design of the scanning tunneling microscope"
		Heinrich Rohrer	Switzerland
1987		Johannes Georg Bednorz	West Germany	"for their important break-through in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials"
		Karl Alexander Müller	Switzerland
1988		Leon Max Lederman	United States	"for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino
		Melvin Schwartz	United States
		Jack Steinberger	United States
1989		Norman Foster Ramsey	United States	"for the invention of the separated oscillatory fields method and its use in the hydrogen maser and other atomic clocks"
		Hans Georg Dehmelt	United States  Germany	"for the development of the ion trap technique"
		Wolfgang Paul	West Germany
1990		Jerome I. Friedman	United States	"for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics"
		Henry Way Kendall	United States
		Richard E. Taylor	Canada
1991		Pierre-Gilles de Gennes	France	"for discovering that methods developed for studying order phenomena in simple systems can be generalized to more complex forms of matter, in particular to liquid crystals and polymers"
1992		Georges Charpak	France  Poland	"for his invention and development of particle detectors, in particular the multiwire proportional chamber"
1993		Russell Alan Hulse	United States	"for the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study ofgravitation
		Joseph Hooton Taylor, Jr.	United States
1994		Bertram Brockhouse	Canada	"for the development of neutron spectroscopy" and "for pioneering contributions to the development ofneutron scattering techniques for studies of condensed matter"
		Clifford Glenwood Shull	United States	"for the development of the neutron diffraction technique" and "for pioneering contributions to the development of neutron scattering techniques for studies of condensed matter"
1995		Martin Lewis Perl	United States	"for the discovery of the tau lepton" and "for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics"
		Frederick Reines	United States	"for the detection of the neutrino" and "for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics"
1996		David Morris Lee	United States	"for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3"
		Douglas D. Osheroff	United States
		Robert Coleman Richardson	United States
1997		Steven Chu	United States	"for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light."
		Claude Cohen-Tannoudji	France
		William Daniel Phillips	United States
1998		Robert B. Laughlin	United States	"for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations
		Horst Ludwig Störmer	Germany
		Daniel Chee Tsui	China  United States
1999		Gerard 't Hooft	Netherlands	"for elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions in physics"
		Martinus J. G. Veltman	Netherlands
2000		Zhores Ivanovich Alferov	Russia	"for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed- and optoelectronics
		Herbert Kroemer	Germany
		Jack St. Clair Kilby	United States	"for his part in the invention of the integrated circuit"
2001		Eric Allin Cornell	United States	"for the achievement of Bose–Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates
		Carl Edwin Wieman	United States
		Wolfgang Ketterle	Germany
2002		Raymond Davis, Jr.	United States	"for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, in particular for the detection of cosmic neutrinos"
		Masatoshi Koshiba	Japan
		Riccardo Giacconi	Italy  United States	"for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, which have led to the discovery of cosmic X-ray sources"
2003		Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov	Russia  United States	"for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids"
		Vitaly Lazarevich Ginzburg	Russia
		Anthony James Leggett	United Kingdom  United States
2004		David J. Gross	United States	"for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction"
		Hugh David Politzer	United States
		Frank Wilczek	United States
2005		Roy J. Glauber	United States	"for his contribution to the quantum theory of optical coherence
		John L. Hall	United States	"for their contributions to the development of laser-based precision spectroscopy, including the optical frequency comb technique"
		Theodor W. Hänsch	Germany
2006		John C. Mather	United States	"for their discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation"
		George F. Smoot	United States
2007		Albert Fert	France	"for the discovery of giant magnetoresistance
		Peter Grünberg	Germany
2008		Makoto Kobayashi	Japan	"for the discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature"
		Toshihide Maskawa	Japan
		Yoichiro Nambu	Japan  United States	"for the discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics"
2009		Charles K. Kao	Hong Kong  United Kingdom  United States	"for groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibers for optical communication"
		Willard S. Boyle	Canada  United States	"for the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit – the CCD sensor
		George E. Smith	United States
2010		Andre Geim	Russia  United Kingdom  Netherlands	"for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene"
		Konstantin Novoselov	Russia  United Kingdom
2011		Saul Perlmutter	United States	"for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distantsupernovae"
		Brian P. Schmidt	Australia  United States
		Adam G. Riess	United States
2012		Serge Haroche	France	"for ground-breaking experimental methods that enable measuring and manipulation of individual quantumsystems."
		David J. Wineland	United States
2013		François Englert	Belgium	"for the theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to our understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles, and which recently was confirmed through the discovery of the predicted fundamentalparticle, by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN's Large Hadron Collider
		Peter Higgs	United Kingdom
2014		Isamu Akasaki	Japan	"for the invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources"
		Hiroshi Amano	Japan
		Shuji Nakamura	Japan  United States
2015		Takaaki Kajita	Japan	"for the discovery of neutrino oscillations, which shows that neutrinos have mass"
		Arthur B. McDonald	Canada
2016		David J. Thouless	United Kingdom  United States	"for theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of !matter
		F. Duncan M. Haldane	United Kingdom  United States
		John M. Kosterlitz	United Kingdom  United States

Photon sphere,A property,Innermost stable circular orbit (ISCO)

The photon sphere is a spherical boundary of zero thickness in which photons  that move on tangent  to that sphere would be trapped in a circular orbit about the black hole. For non-rotating black holes, the photon sphere has a radius 1.5 times the Schwarzschild radius. Their orbits would be dynMICally unstable, hence any small perturbation, such as a particle of infalling matter, would cause an instability that would grow over time, either setting the photon on an outward trajectory causing it to escape the black hole, or on an inward spiral where it would eventually cross the event horizon.

While light can still escape from the photon sphere, any light that crosses the photon sphere on an inbound trajectory will be captured by the black hole. Hence any light that reaches an outside observer from the photon sphere must have been emitted by objects between the photon sphere and the event horizon.

Other compact object, such as neutron star, can also have photon spheres. This follows from the fact that the gravitational field external to a spherically-symmetric object is governed by the Schwarzschild metric, which depends only on the object's mass rather than the radius of the object, hence any object whose radius shrinks to smaller than 1.5 times the Schwarzschild radius will have a photon sphere.

Ergosphere

Rotating black holes are surrounded by a region of spacetime in which it is impossible to stand still, called the ergosphere. This is the result of a process known as frame-dragging; general relativity predicts that any rotating mass will tend to slightly "drag" along the spacetime immediately surrounding it. Any object near the rotating mass will tend to start moving in the direction of rotation. For a rotating black hole, this effect is so strong near the event horizon that an object would have to move faster than the speed of light in the opposite direction to just stand still.^[77]

The ergosphere of a black hole is a volume whose inner boundary is the black hole's oblate spheroid event horizon and a pumpkin-shaped outer boundary, which coincides with the event horizon at the poles but noticeably wider around the equator. The outer boundary is sometimes called the ergosurface.

Objects and radiation can escape normally from the ergosphere. Through the Penrose process, objects can emerge from the ergosphere with more energy than they entered. This energy is taken from the rotational energy of the black hole causing the latter to slow.

In Newtonian gravity, test particles can stably orbit at arbitrary distances from a central object. In general relativity, however, there exists an innermost stable circular orbit (often called the ISCO), inside of which, any infinitesimal perturbations to a circular orbit will lead to inspiral into the black hole. The location of the ISCO depends on the spin of the black hole, in the case of a Schwarzschild black hole (spin zero) is:

${\displaystyle r_{isco}=3\,r_{s}={\frac {6\,GM}{c^{2}}},}$

and decreases with increasing spin.

Formation and evolution

Considering the exotic nature of black holes, it may be natural^{[clarification needed]} to question if such bizarre objects could exist in nature or to suggest that they are merely pathological solutions to Einstein's equations. Einstein himself wrongly thought that black holes would not form, because he held that the angular momentum of collapsing particles would stabilize their motion at some radius. This led the general relativity community to dismiss all results to the contrary for many years. However, a minority of relativists continued to contend that black holes were physical objects, and by the end of the 1960s, they had persuaded the majority of researchers in the field that there is no obstacle to the formation of an event horizon.

Once an event horizon forms, Penrose proved, general relativity without quantum mechanics requires that a singularity will form within. Shortly afterwards, Hawking showed that many cosmological solutions that describe the Big Bang have singularities without scalar fields or other exotic matter (see "Penrose–Hawking singularity theorems").^{[clarification needed]} The Kerr solution, the no-hair theorem, and the laws of black hole thermodynamics showed that the physical properties of black holes were simple and comprehensible, making them respectable subjects for research The primary formation process for black holes is expected to be the gravitational collapse of heavy objects such as stars, but there are also more exotic processes that can lead to the production of black holes.

Event Horizon,I am fond of Physics ,A new idea about Black Holes

The defining feature of a black hole is the appearance of an event horizon—a boundary in space time  through which matter and light can only pass inward towards the mass of the black hole. Nothing, not even light, can escape from inside the event horizon. The event horizon is referred to as such because if an event occurs within the boundary, information from that event cannot reach an outside observer, making it impossible to determine if such an event occurred.

As predicted by general relativity, the presence of a mass deforms spacetime in such a way that the paths taken by particles bend towards the mass. At the event horizon of a black hole, this deformation becomes so strong that there are no paths that lead away from the black hole

To a distant observer, clocks near a black hole appear to tick more slowly than those further away from the black hole. Due to this effect, known as gravitational time delation, an object falling into a black hole appears to slow as it approaches the event horizon, taking an infinite time to reach it. At the same time, all processes on this object slow down, from the view point of a fixed outside observer, causing any light emitted by the object to appear redder and dimmer, an effect known asgravitational red shift Eventually, the falling object becomes so dim that it can no longer be seen.

On the other hand, indestructible observers falling into a black hole do not notice any of these effects as they cross the event horizon. According to their own clocks, which appear to them to tick normally, they cross the event horizon after a finite time without noting any singular behaviour; it is impossible to determine the location of the event horizon from local observations

The shape of the event horizon of a black hole is always approximately spherical. For non-rotating (static) black holes the geometry of the event horizon is precisely spherical, while for rotating black holes the sphere is oblate.

At the center of a black hole, as described by general relativity, lies a  gravitational singularity , a region where the spacetime curvature becomes infinite. For a non-rotating black hole, this region takes the shape of a single point and for a  rotating black hole, it is smeared out to form aring singularity that lies in the plane of rotation. In both cases, the singular region has zero volume. It can also be shown that the singular region contains all the mass of the black hole solution. The singular region can thus be thought of as having infinite density.

Observers falling into a Schwarzschild black hole (i.e., non-rotating and not charged) cannot avoid being carried into the singularity, once they cross the event horizon. They can prolong the experience by accelerating away to slow their descent, but only up to a limit; after attaining a certain ideal velocity, it is best to  free falll the rest of the way. When they reach the singularity, they are crushed to infinite density and their mass is added to the total of the black hole. Before that happens, they will have been torn apart by the growing tidal force in a process sometimes referred to as  stenthification or the "noodle effect".

In the case of a charged (Reissner–Nordström) or rotating (Kerr) black hole, it is possible to avoid the singularity. Extending these solutions as far as possible reveals the hypothetical possibility of exiting the black hole into a different spacetime with the black hole acting as a  worm hole The possibility of traveling to another universe is, however, only theoretical since any perturbation would destroy this possibility. It also appears to be possible to follow  closed time like curve (returning to one's own past) around the Kerr singularity, which lead to problems with casualty  like the grandfather paradoxx. It is expected that none of these peculiar effects would survive in a proper quantum treatment of rotating and charged black holes.

The appearance of singularities in general relativity is commonly perceived as signaling the breakdown of the theory. This breakdown, however, is expected; it occurs in a situation where quantum effect  should describe these actions, due to the extremely high density and therefore particle interactions. To date, it has not been possible to combine quantum and gravitational effects into a single theory, although there exist attempts to formulate such a theory of quantum gravity. It is generally expected that such a theory will not feature any singularities.

My Contemporary Poem ""Expedition""utilization of spare time,

LBSNAA 

!!  Om Namo Pitai  !!

!!  Om Namo Narayana  !!

!! Hari Om Namo Shivai !!

'' EXPEDITION '' 

                                               By Sir Rikomht,

Mortal of a humble middle class tears.

Sobs wowing,every time with bad fortune.

while struggling providing effort,determine,

to accomplish ,task,target,a shaken quake,

of dread,fright,dismay,of unsupported luck.

Gazing to prime target in fearful eyes,

which fulfilled by water greed,decline,

slump and plunging in front of concern,

with active ,vigorous,firm,conviction,

Faith and loyalty to God hoping triumph,

happiness,victory and achievement with stiff.

Every occasion moment of life colossal,

infinite urge and recite for backing against fall.

Longing,praying for protracted duration,

to God for supporting in stretch situation,

virulent,inevitable,catastrophic with staunch,

with solid,resolute,away to overcome bunch,

of obstacle,dilemma,crisis in footpath,

of life and way to perceive success path.

Destruct the hard,tough,strong  wall,,

of hope,trust,a black dread parasol.

A terror of break down,a fear in strong,

stuck of God,adversity,misfortune,plunge,

a wing of fear,suspicion,revoke and retain,

all doomed futile,abortive,situation in vain.

All confidence determine expunge and negate,

by hard attack of scare of misfortune fate,

Remembrance,rethink destruct my confirm,

affirm to uplift,courage to combat charm,

Aspiration,anticipation,frequently shatter,

by God divinity despite compact labor.

Meditate,ruminate and ponder of mind,

Surrender all proud outrage, voice of loud.

destruct to other ,hurt to other,discussion,

looking to fault and deficit and recession.

Meditation provide a strong belief trust,

good views thinking opinion and best,

and perfection of human,think of value,

respect to even thou attacker crew.

Belief ,faith,tolerance,patience,weep,

hawl,sacrifice,surrender,tears keep,

one honest otherwise proud,luxury,discuss,

low down,insult,bark convert you dishonest.

So Be Active,Belief in God,Render To Mankind,Unselfish,Truthful.

Thanks Shivai,Namaskar.