Send Passwords Securely Through Your Body Instead of Wi-Fi

Rather than rely on easy-to-hack Wi-Fi or Bluetooth signals, researchers have developed a system that uses the human body to securely transmit passwords.

Computer scientists and electrical engineers have devised a way to relay the signal from a fingerprint scanner or touchpad through the body to a receiving device that is also in contact with the user. These "on-body" transmissions offer a secure option for authentication that does not require a password, the researchers said.

"Let’s say I want to open a door using an electronic smart lock," said study co-lead author Merhdad Hessar, an electrical engineering doctoral student at the University of Washington. "I can touch the doorknob and touch the fingerprint sensor on my phone and transmit my secret credentials through my body to open the door, without leaking that personal information over the air."

The system uses signals that are already generated by fingerprint sensors on smartphones and laptop touchpads, which have thus far been used to receive input about the physical characteristics of a user's finger.

"What is cool is that we’ve shown for the first time that fingerprint sensors can be re-purposed to send out information that is confined to the body," study senior author Shyam Gollakota, an assistant professor of computer science and engineering at the University of Washington,said in a statement.

The researchers devised a way to use the signals that are generated by fingerprint sensors and touchpads as output, corresponding to data like a password or access code. Rather than transmitting sensitive data "over the air" to a receiving device, the system allows that information to travel securely through the body to a receiver that's embedded in a device that needs authentication.

In tests so far, the system worked with iPhones, Lenovo laptop trackpads and the Adafruit touchpad (a trackpad that can be used with computers). The tests were successful with 10 people who had different heights, weights and body types, and worked when the subjects were in different postures or in motion. The on-body transmissions reached bit rates of 50 bps for the touchpads and 25 bps for the phone sensors — fast enough for a simple password or numerical code. Bit rates measure the amount of data that can be transmitted per second, with higher rates representing more data (for instance, a small file rather than a simple password).

On-body transmissions could also be applied to medical devices, such as glucose monitors or insulin pumps, which require secure data sharing to confirm the patient's identity, according to the researchers.

Once they have more access to the software used by fingerprint sensor manufacturers, the researchers aim to continue researching how to provide greater and faster transmission options.

The technology is described in a study that was published online Sept. 12 in the Proceedings of the 2016 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing.

Device Can Read Emotions By Bouncing Wireless Signals Off Your Body,Rkmht

Emotions can be tricky enough for humans to read, let alone machines, but a new system can predict people's feelings with 87 percent accuracy by bouncing wireless signals off them, researchers say.

The setup, dubbed EQ-Radio, analyzes the signal reflected off a subject's body to monitor both breathing and heartbeat. These physiological cues are commonly used to detect a person's emotions, but it typically requires hooking up the subject to a host of sensors.

Using a device smaller than a Wi-Fi router, researchers at MIT were able to monitor a person's breathing and heartbeat wirelessly. These measurements were then fed into a machine-learning algorithm that 

classified the subject’s emotion as excited, happy, angry or sad. The accuracy was similar to state-of-the-art wired approaches, the scientists said. 

The inventors say potential applications include health care systems that detect if you're getting depressed before you do, "smart" homes that can tune lighting and music to your mood or tools that allow filmmakers to get real-time feedback on their audience's reaction.

"The idea is that you can enable machines to recognize our emotions so they can interact with us at much deeper levels," said Fadel Adib, a doctoral student at MIT's Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Lab who helped design the system.

To test EQ-Radio, 12 subjects were monitored for 2 minutes at a time while experiencing no emotion and also while using videos or music to recall memories that evoked each of the four emotions (excited, happy, angry and sad). A machine-learning algorithm was then trained on each subject's heartbeat and breathing data from each monitoring period.

According to Adib, the system intelligently combines the two and then maps the results onto a graph where one axis represents arousal and the other represents "valence" – essentially, whether an emotion is positive or negative. This is then used to classify the emotion into the four broad categories.

After training on each subject individually, the system could accurately classify their emotional states 87 percent of the time, the researchers said. A separate system trained on data from 11 participants was able to classify the emotions of the unseen 12th subject 72.3 percent of the time.

"Our emotions are continuous and it doesn't make sense for us just to assign them to one of these states," Adib told Live Science. "But it's a way to start and moving forward we can develop techniques to understand better the different classes or subclasses of emotion."

The system relies on a radar technique called Frequency Modulated Carrier Waves, which is particularly powerful because it can eliminate reflections from static objects and other humans, the researchers said. This high-precision body tracking is sensitive enough to pick up the rising and falling of the chest during breathing as well as minute vibrations caused by blood pulsing through the body. As heart contractions happen much faster than breathing acceleration, measurements are used to isolate the fainter heartbeat signals, they added.

Dimitrios Hatzinakos, a professor of electrical and computer engineering at the University of Toronto who specializes in biometric security, said the potential for automated emotion recognition is huge. But he said the controlled nature of the experiments on the EQ-Radio device make it hard to judge if it would work in real-world situations.

"Real life is brutal in this sense. The algorithm might work fine under some conditions and fail in others," Hatzinakos told Live Science. "A thorough evaluation should be done in real-life environments if we want to talk about practical systems."

But Dina Katabi, a professor of electrical engineering and computer science at MIT, who led the research, is confident the device will hold up in real-life situations. She plans to incorporate the emotion-detection capability into devices made by her company Emerald that use wireless signals to detect falls among the elderly.

The researchers also think the fact that the system relies on mechanical signals rather than electrical ones to monitor the heart could lead to significant applications in health care.

"What really tells you about functioning of the heart are the mechanical signals," Adib said. "So it will be very interesting to try to explore what are the conditions we can actually extract, given that we are getting this level of granularity."

The team will present the work at the Association of Computing Machinery's International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking, which is being held from Oct. 3 to 7 in New York City..

Namaste !!!!

3D-Printed Gadget Lets Kids Turn Smartphone into Microscope,Rikomht comments

A 3D-printed smartphone microscope system is making microbiology interactive by allowing schoolkids to experiment and play games with light-seeking microbes.

The so-called LudusScope borrows its name from the Latin word "ludus," which means "play," "game" or "elementary school." The device looks similar to a standard microscope, but can be docked with a smartphoneand features LED lights controlled with a joystick. Students use these to influence the swimming direction of Euglena microbes, which exhibit characteristics of both plants and animals because they feed like animals but photosynthesize like plants.

A companion smartphone app allows kids to track individual microbes by tapping on them on the screen. Features like scale bars, speed readings and grid overlays help users take measurements of things they see in the field of view. The app also comes with games that let students track microbes while attempting to guide them around a "Pac-Man"-style maze or use them to score goals on a simulated soccer pitch. [Gift Ideas for Kids: Best Educational Toys & Games]

The idea is the brainchild of Ingmar Riedel-Kruse, an assistant professor of bioengineering at Stanford University, whose lab is developing ways to make bioscience education more interactive and engaging.

"The most important thing I think you can do as a teacher or parent is inspire. Get them excited — that's almost more important than the actual content delivery," he told Live Science.

Riedel-Kruse said one of his major inspirations was video games, which came about because electronics and computers became powerful enough to simulate things. With the ability to manipulate biological systems now reaching similar levels, the team decided to explore using microorganisms to design games and other media.

With the LudusScope, the designer wanted a device that not only helped kids learn formal science skills in a more interactive way, but also helped them learn by playing and learn by building, Riedel-Kruse said. The DIY nature of the system means it  teaches things like optics, fabrication, electronics and programming, he said.

The project also took cues from the field of robotics, he added.

"You learn a lot about construction, mechanical things like gear wheels and also programming," Riedel-Kruse said. "Especially in the life sciences, we don't yet have these cool tools or toys that you have more in the physical sciences and mechatronic fields. That's something we want to address, and we hope inspire other people to do as well."

Schools can print the frame themselves or get third-party providers to make it for them. The optical system consists of a closed-circuit TV camera lens and a standard 10x-magnification eyepiece, which allows students to look directly through the microscope instead if they wish.

Acrylic slides and coverslips are fixed together using double-sided tape to make chambers for the Euglena, with an inlet and outlet in each chamber. The sample holder features four LEDS pointing in toward the center of the sample and an analog joystick that controls which LEDs light up.

The designs are open-source, and the entire setup should cost roughly $100, the researchers said, or around $60 for schools that have their own 3D printers. Riedel-Kruse's lab has also received a seed grant to collaborate with an educational game company to develop a ready-made kit for purchase.

"This was really about how can we make something low cost and also as accessible as possible," Riedel-Kruse said.

To incorporate lessons on programming, the team built a simple biophysical model using the kid-friendly coding language Scratch. The model features virtual microbes with similar behavior to the Euglena, but students can adjust parameters like swimming speed and light sensitivity to explore how those changes affect the model or try to fit the model to their own observations. This teaches lessons in both programming and the importance of models in scientific research, Riedel-Kruse said.

After touring science fairs with the device, the team invited teachers and students to their lab to try out the technology and give feedback. The researchers said they were surprised to find that for teachers, some of the simpler elements of the system were the most attractive. "For example, just the fact that you have a screen attached to your microscope so everyone can look at the same thing at the same time," Riedel-Kruse said.

The device fits well with school curriculums from 6th grade right up to high school, he said, but being open-source, it can also be adapted for more advanced teaching.

"The idea is it's an easy entry point, but you could go very complex in many ways," Riedel-Kruse added. "All the way to an extreme level where the teachers say, 'Let's build a similar device, but let's use a different organism or put [in] colored LEDS to see how the cells respond to not only the light intensity but also the different colors.

Riko salute namaskar to my parents for support..

New Plastic-Based Textile Helps Cool You Off,My opinion Rkmht

A new type of fabric could keep people cool in hot climates and reduce the need for expensive and energy-consuming air conditioning, a new study finds.

A team of researchers has developed a low-cost, plastic-based textile that allows the body to release heat in a new way. Just as sweating is one way the body cools off, the new clothing could help people reduce body heat. This cooling clothing could allow for air-conditioning to be set to a lower output than usual while still ensuring people stay cool, the researchers noted.

Heating and cooling spaces contribute to 12.3 percent of total energy consumption in the U.S., according to the researchers. Efforts to reduce energy use have focused on improving building insulation and enabling"smart" temperature control. However, engineers studying "personal thermal management" found that providing heating or cooling only to one person — rather than the power needed to cool an entire building — would result in far higher energy efficiency.

"If you can cool the person rather than the building where they work or live, that will save energy," Yi Cui, one of the study authors and an associate professor of materials science and engineering, and of photon science at Stanford University, said in a statement.

As with ordinary fabrics, the new material allows perspiration to evaporate. However, its other, new cooling mechanism works by allowing the heat the body emits as infrared radiation to pass through the textile, the researchers explained.

"Forty to 60 percent of our body heat is dissipated as infrared radiation when we are sitting in an office," said study co-author Shanhui Fan, a professor of electrical engineering at Stanford University who specializes in photonics, the study of visible and invisible light. "But until now, there has been little or no research on designing the thermal radiation characteristics of textiles."

The researchers used a commercially available plastic material — nanoporous polyethylene (nanoPE), which has interconnected pores 50 to 1,000 nanometers in diameter and is used in batteries as a separator to prevent electrical shorting. NanoPE's pores allow for infrared waves to be released. In lab tests, the researchers found that nanoPE allowed 96 percent of the infrared radiation to pass through. By contrast, cotton permitted only 1.5 percent of the infrared radiation to pass through.

If woven into clothing, the nanoPE material could make the wearer feel nearly 4 degrees Fahrenheit cooler than if they were wearing cotton clothing, the researchers said.

As the scientists continue their research, they are adding more colors, textures and other characteristics to the nanoPE material to make it more cloth-like.

Namaskar Dady for giving me chance  to read and valuable time to do great work.

Pocket-Size Device Lets You Print from Anywhere,A comment of my soul..

A new mobile robotic printer that is only a little bigger than three stacked hockey pucks will enable people to print anywhere and on any size page of paper.

Smartphones, tablets and laptops make it easy for people to work on the go, but traditionally, printers have been cumbersome to lug out of the office.

Zuta Labs, based in Jerusalem, reasoned that printers nowadays are essentially a printhead running back and forth on a moving piece of paper. The company's approach involves placing a printhead on a set of small wheels and letting it run across a sheet of paper, thus allowing printers to become smaller. 

"The name 'Zuta' in ancient Aramaic means 'small,'" said Tuvia Elbaum, CEO and founder of Zuta Labs.

The new Zuta Pocket Printer is about 4 inches (10.2 centimeters) wide and long and 3 inches (7.5 cm) high, and weighs about 12 ounces (350 grams). It can connect wirelessly to smartphones, tablets, laptops and PCs via Wi-Fi, and is supported by Android, iOS, OS X and Windows. A free app from the company lets you use the printer via a mobile device; a laptop or PC can also select the printer for use just like any other wirelessly connected printer.

To print, a person switches on the device, aligns it with the corner of a sheet of paper and sends the document to it. The printer can print one average A4 page, measuring 8.27 by 11.7 inches (21 by 29.7 cm), every 50 to 60 seconds with a resolution of 300 dpi. Zuta Labs noted that its printer can print on any standard size piece of paper, and that, in principle, it could print on any surface, Elbaum told Live Science.

The printer's "omni-wheels" help it turn and move in any direction on a surface. Laser sensors help control the movement, speed and location of the device, according to the company.

If a person sends several pages to the device, the printer will stop when it gets to the bottom of the first page and wait until it is placed at the top of the next page. Users can then tap on the mobile app, and the printer will continue to print.

Zuta Labs said the printer's rechargeable lithium-polymer battery can last about 1 hour, on average — long enough to print about 60 pages. The device charges via a micro-USB port, and takes about 3 hours to charge fully.

One ink cartridge can print more than 100 pages, according to the company. Currently, the device prints only in black, although Zuta Labs said it plans to have a full-color printer in the future. Cartridges are replaced via a hatch on the bottom of the printer.

The founders of Zuta Labs, which was established in 2014, said the idea for their printer came in 2013, when they were students at the Jerusalem College of Technology. A 2014 Kickstarter campaign to fund Zuta Labs raised $511,662 from 3,081 backers, exceeding its original goal of raising $400,000. The company plans to ship its printers to customers in the beginning of 2017.

Hologram Technology.I Always Want to be an physicist,Scientist,Above my career,No one can stop me..

 

!! Om Namo Shivai !!

!! om Namo Narayana !!

"While research in holography plays an important role in the development of futuristic displays and augmented reality devices, today we are working on many other applications, such as ultrathin and lightweight optical devices for cameras and satellites," Wang said in a statement.

Photographs and computer screens display information only in 2D, limiting views to flat images. Holograms, however, allow for the storage and reproduction of all information in 3D, and the technology relies on the ability to accurately manipulate light in three dimensions, the researchers said.

The ANU invention uses a new nanomaterial to create the 3D projections. Millions of tiny silicon pillars, each up to 500 times thinner than a human hair, act as pixel projectors to create the light-based 3D images, said co-lead researcher Sergey Kruk, a professor at the ANU Research School of Physics and Engineering.

"This new material is transparent, which means it loses minimal energy from the light, and it also does complex manipulations with light," Kruk said in the statement.

In lab tests, the device created tiny holograms ranging in size from 0.03 inches to 0.2 inches (0.75 millimeters to 5 mm) wide, at a distance of 0.4 inches (10 mm). While the technology is not yet ready to replace computer screens, with further research, the device could lead to new and better holographic technologies, the scientists said.

The device's ability to display the 3D holograms is only part of what makes it innovative, however, Wang said. Due to its miniature size, the invention could replace bulky camera components or help space missions by reducing the size and weight of optical systems, he said.

Namaskar my Dad ,my mother..

I always bow down to thee..

Topological magnetoelectric effect rotates light ,Rikomht Explain

NASA’s Juno mission has sent back stunning images of Jupiter’s poles. The above image shows the gas-giant’s south pole. The spacecraft’s JunoCam instrument took multiple pictures from an altitude of 52,000 km on three separate orbits, allowing researchers to create full enhanced colour projection. The images of both poles reveal that they are covered in Earth-sized swirling storms up to 1000 km across, but do not look like each other. “We’re questioning whether this is a dynamic system, and are we seeing just one stage, and over the next year, we’re going to watch it disappear, or is this a stable configuration and these storms are circulating around one another?” explains Juno’s principal investigator Scott Bolton. As well as the images, Juno sent back a huge array of results from its first data-collection pass. They are presented in two Science papers and 44 papers in Geophysical Research Letters. “There is so much going on here that we didn’t expect, that we have had to take a step back and begin to rethink this as a whole new Jupiter,” says Bolton.

Small water droplets show unexpected order

Tiny water drops have surprisingly ordered surfaces, according to Sylvie Roke from École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) in Switzerland and colleagues. The team looked at droplets with a diameter of around 200 nm. Such nanoscale beads of water are everywhere – in the air, rocks, oil fields and even our bodies – and therefore understanding their behaviour may provide insights into atmospheric, geological and biological processes. To study the tiny droplets, the scientists look at how their curved surfaces interact with the surrounding water-repellent environment. “The method involves overlapping ultrashort laser pulses in a mixture of water droplets in liquid oil and detecting photons that are scattered only from the interface,” explains Roke. “These photons have the sum frequency of the incoming photons and are thus of a different colour. With this newly generated colour we can know the structure of only the interface.” The team discovered that the surfaces of these tiny pockets of water at room temperature are much more ordered than that of normal water. The enhanced tetrahedral structure is instead comparable to super-cooled water – liquid water below the freezing point – which has very strong hydrogen bonds between the water molecules. The results, presented in Nature Communications, suggest the nano-droplets may have reduced reactivity, and further studies will investigate how this affects real-world systems.

Study places limit on a “fifth force”

A new way of working out whether a “fifth force” exists has been developed by an international team led by Andrea Ghez and Aurélien Hees at the University of California, Los Angeles. The group looked at the motions of two stars (S0-2 and S0-38), which orbit the supermassive black hole (SMBH) at the centre of the Milky Way. The stars were monitored for 19 years, which is roughly the time it takes the stars to complete an orbit of the SMBH. The team looked for deviations from the trajectories predicted by Einstein’s general theory of relativity, and no discrepancies were seen. This suggests that the strength of a fifth force is less than 1.6% the strength of gravity. Modern physics includes four forces: gravity, and the electromagnetic, strong and weak forces. A hypothetical fifth force appears in some theories that try to unify gravity with quantum mechanics or to explain dark matter and dark energy. While much stronger exclusions of a fifth force have already been obtained by studying forces on masses on Earth and also on objects within the solar system, this is the first study to look at large objects in the huge gravitational field of a SMBH. Writing in Physical Review Letters, Ghez, Hees and colleagues point out that their measurement should be improved next year when one of the stars makes its closest approach to the SMBH, where a deviation from general relatively could be strongest.

A new interaction between light and a material has been observed by physicists in Austria and Germany. The team shone a polarized beam of terahertz electromagnetic radiation through a thin film that included a topological insulator in an applied magnetic field. The researchers found that the polarization of the beam is rotated by a specific angle as it travels through the material. At first glance, this rotation is similar to the well-known magneto-optical effect that occurs when light passes through a magnetic material. However, Andrei Pimenov and colleagues at the Technical University of Vienna and the University of Würzburg found that the angle is independent of the thickness of the topological insulator – which is not the case for the magneto-optical effect. Furthermore, they found that the angle is fixed at a specific value that is related to the fine-structure constant. This is a dimensionless quantity that defines the strength of the electromagnetic interaction. According to the team, the polarization is rotated by a fixed value every time it passes through a surface of the topological insulator. The researchers say this is related to the peculiar properties of a topological insulator, which is an electrical conductor at its surfaces but an insulator in the bulk. Writing in Nature Communications, the team says that this “topological magnetoelectric effect” could provide a way of defining three basic physical constants that are related to the fine structure constant: the charge of the electron, the speed of light and the Planck constant.