Characterizations of Indian economy

Main characteristic and various aspects of Indian economy described below:-

Agrarian economy

Even after 60 shades of Independence according to Economic Survey 2015 16.
48.9% of the workforce of India is still agriculturist and its share in the GDP in 2014 and 15 is 17.4% at constant prices.

2. mixed economy:-

Indian economy is a unique blend of public and private sector that is a mixed economy.

After liberalisation Indian economy is going ahead as a capitalist economy or market economy.

Developing economy

The following fact shows that Indian economy is a developing economy.

A national income

According to the advance estimates 2015-16 of the sea Eso Ministry of the statical and programme implementation released on 8 February 2016--

The nominal net national income is also known as national income is likely to be  119. 62 lakh crore during
This year.

Three type of the economic system

Traditional economic system
command economic system
Market economic system
Mixed economic system

Traditional economy system is the most traditional ancient and type of the economy in the world.
Product and services that or direct result of those believe custom traditional religious are produced from the system.

There are certain elements of traditional economy that those in more advanced economic such as mixed.

Command economic system:-

Intimate economic advance the command economic system is the next step up from a traditional economy.
The most important features of the system is that a large part of economic system is controlled by centralised power often a Federal government.

Third market economic system is free market.

The government does not control title resources valuable goods and any other major segment of the economy.

In this away organisation are done by the people determine how the economy Run how supply is generated what demand are necessary et cetera.

Mixed economic system:-

A mixed economic system also known as a dual economy is a combination of economic system but it is a primary referred to a mixed and a market and command economy.

In this type of economic systems in the market is more or less free government do not ship except for a few key areas.

colour revolution in India

Black Revolution -Petroleum

Blue  revolution. -Fish

Brown Revolution -leather cocoa

Golden revolution -horticulture

Golden fibre revolution - jute

Green revolution - food grain

Grey revolution  fertilizer

Pink revolution. Onion/prawn

Red revolution. Meat and tomato

Silver revolution egg and poultry

White revolution. Milk and dairy

Yellow Revolution oil seeds.

Second Green Revolution. Protein rich pulses

White Revolution cattle welfare

blue revolution for fishermen welfare and clean water.

Saffron revolution solar energy.

Another Revolution she's also include in our country like around evolution it is happen in the response a Potato.

Fibre revaluation is happening in the response of cotton.

Thank you and namaskar for giving me an opportunity to elaborate about the Global revolution.

Sampada Yojana scheme for Agro Marine processing and development of Agro processing cluster

The cabinet committee on economic affairs shared by the Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi has given its approval for structuring the schemes of the ministry of the food processing industries under New Central sector schemes Sampada scheme for Agro Marine processing and development of Agro processing clasters.

Sampada with an indication of 6000 crore is expected to leverage investment of 31400 crore handling of 334 lakh empty agri produce 104125 crore benefit 20 lakh farmers and generate 530000 direct indirect employment in the country by the year 2019 to 20.

The objective of Sampada is to supplement agriculture modernize processing and decrease agri waste.

Soft, Rubbery 'Octobot' Can Move Without Batteries

A rubbery little "octobot" is the first robot made completely from soft parts, according to a new study. The tiny, squishy guy also doesn't need batteries or wires of any kind, and runs on a liquid fuel.

The octopus-like robot is made of silicone rubber, and measures about 2.5 inches (6.5 centimeters) wide and long. The researchers say soft robots can adapt more easily to some environments than rigid machines, and this research could lead to autonomous robots that can sense their surroundings and interact with people.

Conventional robots are typically made from rigid parts, which makes them vulnerable to harm from bumps, scrapes, twists and falls. These hard parts can also hinder them from being able to squirm past obstacles. Increasingly, scientists are building robots made of soft, elastic plastic and rubber, designs inspired by octopuses, starfish and worms. These soft robots are generally more resistant to damage, and can wriggle past many of the obstacles that impair hard robots. 

However, soft robots were previously limited by rigid batteries or wires needed to power the bots. Now, "we are very excited to present a completely soft, untethered robot," said study co-lead author Michael Wehner, a research associate in materials science and mechanical engineering at Harvard University. "As the field of soft robotics continues to rapidly expand, we feel that our work will allow the field to rapidly move forward in a whole new direction."

The octobot has eight arms (hence the name) that are pneumatically driven by steady streams of oxygen gas. This gas is given off by liquid hydrogen peroxide fuel after it chemically reacts with platinum catalysts.

The 0.2-ounce (6 grams) robot is controlled using tiny 3D-printed networks of plumbing. Whereas conventional microelectronic circuits shuffle electrons around wires, scientists in recent years have begun developing microfluidic circuitry that can shuffle fluids around pipes. These devices can theoretically perform any operation a regular electronic microchip can, previous research suggested.

The octobot's microfluidic controller is filled with the liquid hydrogen peroxide fuel. As the fuel gives off oxygen, pressure from the gas builds up in the controller and eventually causes some valves to open and others to close, inflating chambers in half the robot's arms and forcing them to move. Pressurized gas then builds up once more, triggering valve openings and closures that make the other robot's arms move.

So far, the octobot can only wave its arms. The scientists are now working on developing completely soft machines that are more complex and can propel themselves, and perhaps swim, Wehner said. "Integrated sensors would also allow reaction to the bot's environment," Wehner told Live Science. [Photos: Amazing Tech Inspired by the Octopus]

There is no on-off switch for this current version of the octobot — it activates once it gets filled with fuel, Wehner said. Future bots with more complex controllers and sensors could be envisioned with on-off switches, he noted.

The octobot can currently run for about 4 to 8 minutes. The researchers said they can probably improve the bot's run-time using more sophisticated designs that better control how the fuel is used.

"We foresee soft robots expanding the role of robots in human-populated environments — human-robot interaction," Wehner said.

In addition, "a separate but very interesting potential application for this type of robot is in high-risk, dangerous areas such as search and rescue," Wehner said. "The total material cost for the octobot is just over $2, and fuel costs approximately 5 cents per fill. One could envision a scenario in which 100 bots are deployed to investigate a scene, anticipating that 80 would be destroyed."

Smart Textile' Turns Body Movements Into Power Source

A fabric designed to power wearable devices by harvesting energy from both sunlight and body movements can be produced on a standard industrial weaving machine, according to a new study.

Scientists in China and the United States have demonstrated how a glove-size piece of the "smart textile" could continuously power an electronic watch or charge a mobile phone using ambient sunlight and gentle body movements.

The fabric is based on low-cost, lightweight polymer fibers coated withmetals and semiconductors that allow the material to harvest energy. These fibers are then woven together along with wool on high-throughput commercial weaving equipment to create a textile just 0.01 inches (0.32 millimeters) thick.

"It is highly deformable, breathable and adaptive to human surface curves and biomechanical movement," said Xing Fan, one of the fabric's inventors and an associate professor of chemical engineering at Chongqing University in China. "And this approach enables the power textile to be easily integrated with other functional fibers or electronic devices to form a flexible, self-powered system."

In a paper published online Sept. 12 in the journal Nature Energy, the researchers described how they used a layer-by-layer process similar to those employed in the semiconductor industry. Using this method, they coated polymer fibers with various materials to create cable-like solar cells that generate electricity   from sunlight and also  so-called triboelectric nanogenerators (TENG).

The TENGs rely on the triboelectric effect, by which certain materialsbecome electrically charged when rubbed against another type of material. When the materials are in contact, electrons flow from one to the other, but when the materials are separated, the one receiving electrons will hold a charge, Fan said.

If these two materials are then connected by a circuit, a small current will flow to equalize the charges. By continuously repeating the process, an alternating electrical current can be produced to generate power, Fan added.

By tweaking the patterns and configurations of the textile, the researchers found they could tune the power output and customize it for specific applications by aligning the TENGs with the direction of body movements so that they can capture as much energy as possible, or by using different patterns for high-light and low-light environments.

"This is very important. Different applications have different requirements. For example, the voltage requirement of a cellphone is different from that of an electronic watch," Fan told Live Science. "Also, people walking between buildings in London may have less sunshine than those running on the beach in California." [Gallery: Futuristic 'Smart Textiles' Merge Fashion with Tech]

The team has yet to conduct long-term durability tests, but after 500 cycles of bending, there was no drop in performance, Fan said. However, the study noted that electrical output of the TENG did gradually drop to 73.5 percent of its original performance when relative humidity was increased from 10 percent to 90 percent.

Still, the fabric's full performance can be recovered if the device is dried out, Fan said. He added that encapsulating the textile in an inert material using a common heat-wrapping process should counteract the issue.

Juan Hinestroza, an associate professor of fiber science at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, who was not involved in the research, said combining two sources of electrical power in a single device was impressive. But even more exciting was the researchers' use of traditional textile techniques to fabricate the device, he said.

"I believe that this is a fantastic proof of concept that could eventually be escalated to other forms of mass production for textile surfaces," he told Live Science. "This amazing system approach taken by the research team validates my personal belief that everything can be a textile and that everything will eventually become a textile system — from fiber-based airplane structures and space station inflatable modules to wearable power generators such as the one described in this article."

In addition to wearable devices, the material could be used to create larger energy-generating structures, like curtains or tents, the researchers said. The fabrication process should also allow the energy-generating materials to be combined with other fiber-based functional devices, like sensors, Fan added.

Next, the researchers plan to focus on improving the efficiency, durability and power management of the textile while optimizing the weaving and encapsulation processes to enable industrial-scale production, they said.

3D-Printed Acoustic Holograms Could Move Objects in Midair

3D-printed plastic blocks can now be turned into acoustic holograms that generate 3D shapes made of sound, which could function like sonic "tractor beams," according to a new study. This could lead to innovative ways to manipulate objects in midair without touching them, the researchers said.

This finding could also help scientists develop ultrasound therapies with sound fields sculpted to destroy unhealthy tissues in the body while leaving neighboring healthy cells intact, the researchers added.

Conventional holograms are a special kind of 2D photograph that, when lit up, essentially turn into windows onto 3D scenes. The pixels making up each hologram scatter light falling onto them in very specific ways, causing these light waves to interact with each other to generate an image with the illusion of depth. 

The new acoustic holograms are plastic blocks with complex structures that scientists created using 3D printers. These printers form 3D structures by placing layers of material onto surfaces, much like how regular printers deposit layers of ink. When an acoustic hologram the researchers developed is placed in front of an audio speaker or a transducer, the 15,000 pixels within it can scatter sound waves to generate complex 3D fields of sound.

Sound waves apply pressure on matter, and previous research found that "acoustic tweezers" and "acoustic tractor beams" could generate complex 3D sound fields in air or liquids to push, pull and spin objectssuch as small animals. However, these devices usually require elaborate arrays of multiple transducers, whereas this new acoustic hologram requires only one ultrasonic transducer to generate a complex 3D acoustic field.

"Instead of using a rather complex and cumbersome set of transducers, we use a piece of plastic that cost a few dollars from a 3D printer," said study senior author Peer Fischer, a physical chemist at the Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems in Stuttgart, Germany.

In addition, the acoustic hologram could generate 3D sound fields about 100 times more detailed than ones produced by other techniques, the researchers said. For instance, they could use an acoustic hologram to assemble microparticles of silicone rubber suspended in water into a "dove of peace," as well as suspend drops of water in midair.

"With an incredibly simple approach, we can create extremely complex, sophisticated acoustic fields that would be difficult to achieve otherwise," Fischer told Live Science.

Acoustic holograms could help doctors sculpt powerful ultrasonic fields to get rid of unhealthy tissue while avoiding healthy areas, Fischer said. Acoustic holograms could also help improve the resolution of ultrasonic imaging, he added.

The scientists are now exploring ways to use acoustic holograms to generate sophisticated 3D sound fields that are not static, but animated.

The scientists detailed their findings online today (Sept. 21) in the journal Nature.