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The Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister added the BJP had learnt its “lessons” and exuded confidence that it will perform better in future polls.

The BJP’s defeat in the recent Lok Sabha bypolls in Gorakhpur and Phulpur cannot be termed a “referendum” on the policies and programmes of the party’s governments at the Centre or in Uttar Pradesh, Chief Minister Yogi Adityanath said on Sunday.

He, however, added the BJP had learnt its “lessons” and exuded confidence that it will perform better in future polls.

“I don’t see the results as a referendum,” he said at an event here.

He said the Samajwadi Party-Bahujan Samaj Party (SP-BSP) combine had not made any dent in the party’s vote bank. The SP-BSP understanding was not an alliance but a “political deal” and everyone knows how these two parties have “damaged” the state, he said.

During the campaign for the bypolls, the chief minister had launched a frontal attack on the two parties calling them “snake and mole”.

On Sunday, when it was suggested it was not appropriate for him (Mr. Adityanath is also a religious leader at the Gorakhnath temple) to use “foul words” against his rivals, the he said, “Whatever I have said is right, and I still stick to it.”

“Both the SP and BSP were private limited companies, one-man show and undemocratic, as these were family-based organisations,” he said.

To another question, he said Congress president Rahul Gandhi might ride the ‘elephant’ (BSP’s election symbol) after leaving the ‘cycle’ (SP’s election symbol).

On Saturday, BJP chief Amit Shah had also said the bypoll results were not a referendum on the party’s dispensation in the State. In his first reaction after the party’s loss in the by-elections, Mr. Shah said the UP government was one of the best among the BJP dispensations in the States.

The party has taken it (the bypoll outcome) seriously and will minutely analyse the results of these polls,” Mr. Shah had said in a television interview.

The hypocrisy of Darkest Hour

When Gary Oldman won the Oscar for playing Winston Churchill in Darkest Hour, it was no big surprise. He was heavily favoured to win. What was surprising though was that the win meant Darkest Hour returned to movie theatres in some parts of India for a second innings. In a country where we are happy to take offence at the drop of a hat, Darkest Hour has escaped unscathed. Yet here was a real-life villain far more deserving of umbrage than fictional characters in a novel, a character whose misdeeds are still in living memory unlike a 21st century film based on a 16th century poem about a 13th century princess who may or may not have existed.

Yet there was hardly a peep out of those always itching for a fight to protect our national honour. Winston Churchill should have been a man we could all rally around, united in our distaste.

Shashi Tharoor has listed Churchill’s sins in a scathing piece for Washington Post. He was a man who was in favour of “terror bombing”, who wanted to use “poisoned gas against uncivilised tribes” and decreed that all who resisted the superiority of the British race would be “killed without quarter”.

The statesman

Churchill reserved particular bile for Indians — “beastly people with a beastly religion” and as Madhusree Mukerjee has documented in her book Churchill’s Secret War, while millions starved during the Bengal famine, he diverted food supplies to replenish European stockpiles and complained about Indians “breeding like rabbits”. Infamously, when Delhi sent a telegram to Churchill about the famine, he wondered peevishly why Gandhi had not died yet. There have been quibbles about whether Mukerjee was too single-minded in her focus on Churchill, but none deny Churchill’s odious racism. Yet he remains the “greatest Briton of all time” according to a 2002 BBC poll, a leader whose state funeral was attended by representatives from 112 nations.

The embarrassing fact is that too many of us in India also swallowed that war hero hype hook, line, and sinker perhaps because we are such suckers for that grandiose “we shall never surrender” oratory. I think it’s some hangover from elocution contests in school. I remember as a boy choosing one of Churchill’s books as a prize for something at school. It was probably his memoir, My Early Life, and I remember nothing of it. That I chose that book feels embarrassing now, but what feels even more cringeworthy is that I went through my entire education in India without learning the truth about Churchill.

Post-Independent India was ready to knock many burra sahibs off their pedestals, but Churchill seemed unassailable. Otherwise why in this day and age, in independent India, would there be a gastropub called Churchill’s Restobar in Bengaluru which describes itself as “very British. Very cool. Very you”? Or the Churchill Bar, a “perfect place for your pubbing while you rendezvous with modern art” in an upscale Moradabad hotel? Or a Café Churchill in Colaba serving up grilled sandwiches, peach iced tea and nostalgia? Would anyone have dared name a gastropub after General Dyer, the man who ordered troops to fire in Jallianwala Bagh?

But Churchill is A-OK as a brand. India is not the only place with a Churchill bar. Churchill has had bars named after him in Guangzhou, Marrakesh and Dubai. The U.S. named a naval destroyer after him. As soon as Donald Trump moved into the White House, he returned a bust of Churchill to the Oval Office, telling British prime minister Theresa May “It’s a great honour to have Winston Churchill back.” Barack Obama, whose Kenyan grandfather had been imprisoned for two years without trial and tortured under Churchill’s watch, had quietly removed the bust.

Never surrender?

One can understand Churchill’s appeal, especially in a time of strongmen. His cigar-smoking, blunt-spoken ways personify a kind of gruff no-nonsense ““victory at all costs” leadership, the kind that could come with a 56-inch chest.

Instead of films like Darkest Hour about Churchill the hero, it’s surely time for films about that other Winston Churchill, the man who was as much an English bully as some beloved English bulldog. It is possible that some day someone in London or Los Angeles might make that film. Such a film should have a great box office showing in India if the success of Madhusree Mukerjee’s book or Shashi Tharoor’s An Era of Darkness is any indication.

Of course, it does not mean Indians have any appetite for a dispassionate warts and all look at their own heroes. Imagine anyone daring to show the darkest hour of an Indian icon, especially one currently in vogue, living or dead. Their bhakts will fight in the fields and in the streets, they will fight in the hills and they will never surrender.

Why babies need to move in the womb

Formation of joints in the developing embryo and their maintenance after birth is sensitive to mechanical movement. Now, researchers at Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Kanpur have deciphered the molecular mechanism underlying this phenomenon. They have demonstrated how permanent cartilage is formed in an embryo due to mechanical movement. They also found out how permanent cartilage is lost and temporary or transient cartilage is formed in its place in the absence of movement.

While permanent cartilage lines the joint, the transient cartilage is a bone-forming one. Earlier this group demonstrated that during embryonic development, a bipotential cartilage population gives rise to both permanent and transient cartilage. BMP and Wnt are two major signals regulating this process. While BMP promotes transient cartilage formation, Wnt promotes permanent cartilage formation.

In patients with osteoarthritis, the permanent cartilage acquires all the characteristics of a temporary cartilage, which affects joint function. Currently, in people with osteoarthritis, it is not possible to reverse the fate of permanent cartilage that has become a temporary-like cartilage. The work done by a team led by Prof. Amitabha Bandyopadhyay from the Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering at IIT Kanpur suggests that it might be possible to prevent osteoarthritis from worsening if intervened at an early stage. The results were published in the journal Development. The work was carried out in collaboration with the laboratory of Prof. Paula Murphy of Trinity College Dublin.

Transient cartilage

BMP signalling — which helps in the formation of transient cartilage — is normally not present in permanent cartilage cells in a joint. That transient cartilage forms in the place of permanent cartilage due to joint immobilisation was already known. And independently, the team had shown that BMP signalling promotes transient cartilage formation. “So we wanted to find out if immobilising the joints in a chick embryo allows the BMP signalling to come up in the joint cartilage cells. We did find that happening,” Prof. Bandyopadhyay says.

The investigation into what causes the BMP signalling to be present in future permanent cartilage cells when the joint is immobilised led them to a surprise finding. The lead author, Pratik Singh, found out that an inhibitor of BMP signalling (Smurf1) is absent in the joint that is immobilised resulting in increased BMP signalling. “The role of the Smurf1 inhibitor is to maintain a BMP-free area thereby enabling the progenitor cells to become permanent cartilage. But due to increased BMP signalling the permanent cartilage gets converted into transient-like cartilage,” says Prof. Bandyopadhyay.

The Smurf1 inhibitor is not directly involved in joint cartilage formation but creates an environment that permits the formation of permanent cartilage by keeping the BMP signalling under check.

Toggle switch

Mechanical movement seems to act like a toggle switch. In the presence of it, Wnt – the signal that promotes joint cartilage – is on and BMP signalling is off in the joint cartilage cells. The opposite is true when the joint is immobilized. This is the reason why immobilisation of joints causes greater disturbance to permanent cartilage than even inhibition of Wnt signalling. “We are now investigating if osteoarthritis is also associated with appearance of BMP signalling in the wrong place. If so, we can block the BMP signalling in these cells during the early-stage of osteoarthritis to possibly prevent the condition from worsening,” he says.

The last new neurons were observed in 13 year olds

The human brain may not be as pliant as was believed, a recent study shows. In this study, bound to provoke argument, researchers observe that the latest neurons form in the brain when the subject is about 13 years old and no later. This finding, published in Nature, contradicts earlier experiments, according to which neurons in the hippocampal region of the brain could be formed even late in adulthood.

Hippocampus

The hippocampus is a region which is believed to be the abode of long-term memory and emotional responses. This was also believed to be true in other mammals such as chimpanzees and rodents.

In the study, the researchers took advantage of the fact that specific antibodies could bind to proteins of interest and indicate their locations in tissue. They thereby identified the locations of the neural precursor cells, proliferating cells and immature neurons in samples from 59 human subjects and traced the development from the foetal stage to old age. Up to 14 weeks of gestation, the three cell types migrated from their point of genesis to the region within the hippocampus – the dentate gyrus – where they stayed and developed. The oldest individual they observed with immature neurons was 13 years old.

The researchers observe that a lack of neurogenesis in the hippocampal region has been suggested in the case of some aquatic mammals like dolphins, porpoises and whales. This is interesting because these mammals are known for their intelligence, longevity and complex behaviour, too. They also offer a reason for why humans appear to differ so drastically from other mammals studied.

Open source record of plants with “druggable” chemicals will help validate traditional systems.

he use of Indian medicinal plants for drug discovery and therapeutics just received a boost. A database of such plants has been built by a Chennai-based team led by Areejit Samal of the Institute of Mathematical Sciences.

By documenting 1,742 Indian medicinal plants and 9,596 chemicals that plants use to thrive and ward off threats (phytochemicals), this database has the distinction of being the largest so far. This is a first step towards validating and developing traditional systems of medicine that use plant extracts.

For the repository, the scientists sourced information from several texts including those that documented tribal medicine. With supporting studies in the form of well-planned lab tests, this work has the potential to improve health care and enhance drug discovery.

Plants secrete various special chemicals to ward off predators, fight pathogens and survive in difficult situations. Some of these so-called phytochemicals have been used to prepare traditional medicines and also poisons. While there are extensive databases of phytochemicals of Chinese herbs, there has no similar work in India.

The new database, named IMPPAT (Indian Medicinal Plants, Phytochemistry And Therapeutics) brings together not just the Indian medicinal plants and their associated phytochemicals, but also the latter’s 2D and 3D chemical structures, the therapeutic use of the plants and the medicinal formulations.

Among the many challenges in building IMPPAT was in removing redundancy and standardising names and spellings that varied across the several books and documents they have referred to.

From previous work we know that natural products are made of highly complex molecules, which therefore are more likely to bind to very specific proteins unlike commercial (or synthesised) drug molecules.

“We show that phytochemicals in IMPPAT also have high stereochemical and shape complexity similar to natural product library of Clemons et al, and thus, IMPPAT phytochemicals are also expected to be specific protein binders,” says Areejit Samal. Drug molecules which are specific protein binders are likely to have fewer side-effects as they will bind specifically to their target protein.

Quest for druggability

The team analysed the features of the phytochemical structures using established “druggability” criteria.

This identified 960 potentially druggable phytochemicals of which only a small percentage showed similarities to existing FDA-approved drugs. “This offers immense potential for drug discovery,” says Dr Samal. Of the 960 phytochemicals, 14 have the highest druggability score, and one of these is Skullcapflavone I – This is produced by two plants, one of which is Andrographis paniculata, commonly known as Nilavembu or Siriyanangai. Another interesting topper is Kumatakenin, which is made by three plants including Artemisia capillaris. This plant is a close relative of Artemisia annuafrom which Nobel laureate Youyou Tu extracted the drug artemisinin which has saved the lives of many malaria patients.

“We hope to expand the links between phytochemicals of Indian medicinal plants and their target proteins, enabling application of systems biology... Our resource will help future efforts render Indian medicine evidence-based rather than experience-based,” says Dr Samal.

IT IS AUSPICIOUS TO SAY THAT ALL INVENTION IN SCIENCE AND NANO PARTICLE ID DEPEND ON THE MOLEQULLER.

The biomolecules that bind to cancer cells give a green fluorescence

New fluorescent nanoparticles created from simple biomolecules can now help light up cancer cells for better imaging.

Scientists from Indian Association for the Cultivation of Sciences (IACS), Kolkata have created nanoparticles from folic acid, riboflavin and lactose and tuned the molecules to give a green fluorescence to help in cell imaging using bright-field microscopy.

“The cadmium selenium quantum dots currently used for imaging purposes are highly toxic to the human cells. But we have used simple molecules which are found within the human body as basic ingredients to do the same work,” says Dr. Nikhil R Jana, Professor and corresponding author of the paper published in MRS Advances.

The newly created nanoparticles are mixed with the cell culture medium, kept for 2-3 hours, washed and then viewed under the microscope. The nanoparticles label the cancer cells alone and are seen with a green fluorescence under the microscope.

The nanoparticles exhibit specific labelling properties. Since oral cancer cells have folate and riboflavin receptors, the nanoparticles prepared from folic acid and riboflavin bind to these receptors. Folic acid nanoparticles bind to ovary cancer cells, while nanoparticles made from lactose bind to galactose receptors found on liver cancer cells.

They found that the green fluorescence depended mainly on the temperature at which they were treated. “We used a wide range of temperature for cooking the molecules (90-340 degree C). The broadness of the fluorescence spectra increased with the lowering of the reaction temperature,” says Hayder Ali, PhD scholar and first author of the paper. “These new nanoparticles are less than 10 nanometre in size and can also be used for targeted drug delivery as they seem to have specific labelling abilities.”

Preliminary in vivo studies using a mouse model show no toxicity, and the researchers are currently working on getting a red emission so that bioimaging can be done with low background signal.

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